1. 什么是聚合函数 #
对一组值进行计算，并返回计算后的值，一般用来统计数据
1.1 SUM #
累加所有行的值
计算ID=1的学生的的总分
select SUM(grade) as '总分' from score where student_id = 1;
1.2 AVG #
计算所有行的平均值
计算ID=1的学生的的平均分
select AVG(grade) as '平均分' from score where student_id = 1;
1.3 MAX、MIN #
计算所有行的平均值
计算ID=1的学生的的平均分
select AVG(grade) as '平均分',MAX(grade) 最高分,MIN(grade) 最低分 from score where student_id = 1;
1.4 AVG #
计算所有行的平均值
select AVG(grade) as '平均分',MAX(grade) 最高分,MIN(grade) 最低分 from score where student_id = 1;
1.5 COUNT #
计算学生总数
select COUNT(*) from student;
2. 分组 #
分组查询就是按某列的值进行分组，相同的值分成一组，然后可以对此组内进行求平均、求和等计算
2.1 语法 #
SELECT 列名,查询表达式
FROM <表名>
WHERE <条件>
GROUP BY <分组字段>
HAVING 分组后的过滤条件
ORDER BY 列名 [ASC,DESC]
LIMIT 偏移量,条数
SELECT列表中只能包含：
- 被分组的列
- 为每个分组返回一个值的表达式，如聚合函数
2.2 练习 #
- 统计每位同学的平均成绩-单列分组
select student_id,avg(grade) from score group by student_id; - 统计每门课程的最高分，并按分数从高到低排列
select course_id,max(grade) 平均分 from score group by course_id order by max(grade) desc 统计各省的男女同学人数-多列分组
select province,gender,COUNT(*) from student group by province,gender2.3 分组筛选 #
2.3.1 语法 #
SELECT FROM <表名> WHERE GROUP BY {col_name|expr|position} HAVING {col_name|expr|position} ORDER BY {col_name|expr|position} [ASC|DESC] LIMIT offset,row_countWHERE用于过滤掉不符合条件的记录
- HAVING 用于过滤分组后的记录
- GROUP BY用于对筛选后的结果进行分组
2.3.2 练习 #
- 统计学生人数超过1人的省份
select province,COUNT(*) from student group by province having COUNT(*)>1 - 得到学生的年龄
select DATEDIFF(dd,birthday,GETDATE())/365 from student - 不及格次数大于1次的学生
select student_id,COUNT(*) 不及格次数 from score where grade <60 group by student_id having COUNT(*)>1
3. 子查询 #
- 子查询就是指出现在其它SQL语句中的SELECT语句
- Outer Query/ Inner Query
- 子查询指嵌套在查询内部，且必须始终出现在圆括号中
- 子查询可以包含多个关键字或条件
- 子查询的外层查询可以是: SELECT INSERT UPDATE SET等
- 子查询可以返回常量、一行数据、一列数据或其它子查询
3.1 比较运算符的子查询 #
- = 等于
大于
- < 小于
= 大于等于
- <= 小于等于
- <> 不等于
- != 不等于
- <=> 安全不等于
3.2 查询年龄大于平均年龄的学生 #
SELECT ROUND(AVG(age),2) FROM student;
SELECT * from student WHERE age > (SELECT ROUND(AVG(age),2) FROM student)
3.2 ANY SOME ALL #
= < <= = <> !=
- ANY 任何一个
- SOME 某些
- ALL 全部
SELECT * from student WHERE age > ANY (SELECT age FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');
SELECT * from student WHERE age > SOME (SELECT age FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');
SELECT * from student WHERE age > ALL (SELECT age FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');
SELECT * from student WHERE age = ANY (SELECT age FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省')
SELECT * from student WHERE age = SOME (SELECT age FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省')
3.3 查询一下有考试成绩的学生信息 #
- [IN]
- [NOT IN]
SELECT * FROM student where id in (SELECT distinct student_id from score);
- [EXISTS]
- [NOTEXISTS]
SELECT * FROM student where EXISTS (SELECT distinct student_id from score where student.id = score.student_id )
4. 表连接 #
４.1 连接类型 #
- JOIN=INNER JOIN=CROSS JOIN 内连接
- LEFT [OUTER] JOIN 左外连接
- RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN 右外连接
- ON 连接条件
４.2 连接条件 #
使用ON关键字来设定连接条件，也可以使用WHERE来代替
- ON来设定连接条件
- 也可以使用WHERE来对结果进行过滤
４.3 内连接 #
显示左表和右表中符合条件的
SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;
４.4 左外连接 #
显示左表的全部和右表符合条件的
SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;
４.5 右外连接 #
显示右表的全部和左表符合条件的
SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;
４.6 更多表连接 #
SELECT student.name,course.name,score.grade FROM score
INNER JOIN student ON student.id = score.student_id
INNER JOIN course ON course.id = score.course_id;
４.7 无限分类[自身连接] #
CREATE table category(
id int(11) PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
name varchar(50),
parent_id int(11)
)
INSERT INTO category(id,name,parent_id)
VALUES (1,'数码产品',0),(2,'服装',0),(3,'食品',0),
(4,'iPad',1),(5,'李宁',2),(6,'康师傅',3);
SELECT c1.id,c1.name,COUNT(1)
FROM category c1 INNER JOIN category c2 ON c1.id = c2.parent_id
WHERE c1.parent_id = 0
GROUP BY c1.id;
父类变成名称
SELECT c1.id,c1.name,p.name
FROM category c1 LEFT JOIN category p ON c1.parent_id = p.id
４.8 删除重复记录[多表删除] #
INSERT INTO category(id,name,parent_id)
VALUES
(7,'iPad',1),
(8,'李宁',2),
(9,'康师傅',3);
４.8.1 多表联合删除重复记录 #
SELECT * FROM category c1 LEFT JOIN
(SELECT id,name from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1) c2
ON c1.name = c2.name WHERE c1.id != c2.id
４.8.2 IN NOT IN删除重复记录 #
SELECT * FROM category c1
WHERE c1.name IN
(SELECT name from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1)
AND c1.id NOT IN
(SELECT MIN(id) from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1)
4.9 (插入省份)INSERT SELECT #
CREATE TABLE province(id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,name varchar(50))
INSERT INTO province(name) SELECT DISTINCT province FROM student;
###４.10 更新省份(多表更新)
UPDATE student INNER JOIN province ON student.province=province.name
SET student.province=province.id
WHERE student.province = province.name;
４.11 多表联合查询 #
SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN province ON student.province=province.id;
４.12 CREATE SELECT #
创建表的同时将结果写入到数据表
CREATE table city(id int AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,name varchar(50) )
SELECT DISTINCT city name from student;
UPDATE student INNER JOIN city on student.city = city.name
SET student.city = city.id
WHERE student.city = city.name;
４.13 修改列名和类型 #
ALTER TABLE student
CHANGE province province_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
CHANGE city city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;